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The Tai–Kadai languages, also known as Kra–Dai, Daic, and Kadai are a language family of highly tonal languages found in southern China, northeast India and Southeast Asia. They include Thai and Lao, the national languages of Thailand and Laos respectively. There are nearly 100 million speakers of these languages in the world.〔Diller, Anthony, Jerry Edmondson, Yongxian Luo. (2008). ''The Tai–Kadai Languages''. London (): Routledge. ISBN 978-0-7007-1457-5〕 Ethnologue lists 95 languages in this family, with 62 of these being in the Tai branch.〔(Ethnologue Tai–Kadai family tree )〕 The diversity of the Tai–Kadai languages in southeastern China, especially in Guizhou and Hainan, suggests that this is close to their homeland. The Tai branch moved south into Southeast Asia only about a thousand years ago, founding the nations that later became Thailand and Laos in what had been Austroasiatic territory. The name "Tai–Kadai" is controversial, and arguments have been made that it should be replaced.〔Ostapirat, Weera. (2000). "(Proto-Kra )." ''Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area'' 23 (1): 1-251.〕 The name comes from an obsolete bifurcation of the family into two branches, Tai and Kadai (all else). Yet the name Kadai suggests that it includes Tai, and as such is sometimes used to refer to the entire family.〔 On the other hand, some references restrict the usage of "Kadai" to the Kra branch of the family, for which the name Kra suffices. The replacement name Kra–Dai has been suggested, as Kra and Dai are two large and well-established subgroups which are on different sides of a major historical split.〔 The name Kra–Dai has since been adopted in several major scholarly works on the family.〔〔Pittayaporn, Pittayawat. 2009. The phonology of Proto-Tai. Ph.D. Thesis, Cornell University〕〔Peter Jenks and Pittayawat Pittayaporn. (Kra-Dai Languages ). Oxford Bibliographies in “Linguistics”, Ed. Mark Aranoff. New York: Oxford University Press.〕 ==External relationships== (詳細はSino-Tibetan family, but outside China they are now classified as an independent family. They contain large numbers of words that are similar in Sino-Tibetan languages. However, these are seldom found in all branches of the family, and do not include basic vocabulary, indicating that they are old loan words.〔Ostapirat, Weera. (2005). "Kra–Dai and Austronesian: Notes on phonological correspondences and vocabulary distribution", pp. 107–131 in Sagart, Laurent, Blench, Roger & Sanchez-Mazas, Alicia (eds.), ''The Peopling of East Asia: Putting Together Archaeology, Linguistics and Genetics.'' London/New York: Routledge-Curzon.〕 Several Western scholars have presented suggestive evidence that Tai–Kadai is related to or a branch of the Austronesian language family. There are a number of possible cognates in the core vocabulary. Among proponents, there is yet no agreement as to whether they are a sister group to Austronesian in a family called Austro-Tai, a backmigration from Taiwan to the mainland, or a later migration from the Philippines to Hainan during the Austronesian expansion. The Austric proposal suggests a link between Austronesian and the Austroasiatic languages. Echoing part of Benedict's conception of Austric, who added Tai–Kadai and Hmong–Mien to the proposal, Kosaka (2002) argued specifically for a Miao–Dai family.〔Kosaka, Ryuichi. 2002. "(On the affiliation of Miao-Yao and Kadai: Can we posit the Miao-Dai family )." ''Mon-Khmer Studies'' 32:71-100.〕 In China, they are called Zhuang–Dong languages and are generally considered to be related to Sino-Tibetan languages along with the Miao–Yao languages. It is still a matter of discussion among Chinese scholars whether Kra languages such as Gelao, Qabiao, and Lachi can be included in Zhuang–Dong, since they lack the Sino-Tibetan similarities that are used to include other Zhuang–Dong languages in Sino-Tibetan. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Tai–Kadai languages」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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